Queen of Kittur, a former vassal territory under Maharaja of Mysore (present day in Belgaum, Karnataka) who fought bravely against the English troops at Kittur in 1824. At the end of the battle, she was captured and imprisoned for life at Bailhongal Fort (in Belgaum, Karnataka) where she died in 1829.
This event happened in 1829, 28 years before the 1857 rebellion (popularly known as Sepoy Rebellion or First War of Indian Independence) where the most popular figure Mangal Pandey is celebrated as the first Indian to rebel against the English East India Company.
The nature of both the rebellions was same: The Doctrine of Lapse. Although it was introduced between 1824 to 1829, but the unofficial implication lead to Rani Chennamma rebelling against the Company Sarkar back in 1824. But this isn't the only fascinating story about the majestic Kingdom of Mysore that lasted for a roughly 550 years.
At its peak, the Mysore Kingdom spread from Dharwar-Bellary-Kurnool in the north to Periyar, Tamiraparani and Valgai rivers in the south. That's almost whole of Karnataka, Rayalaseema and nearly half areas of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The kingdom shrunk to just a couple of districts in the 19th century that would restrict to Shimoga, Chitaldrug, Kadur, Tumkur, Bangalore, Kolar, Mysore, Hassan and Mandya districts during British Raj.
The shrinking occurred with Haidar Ali's advancements to Travancore in 1763 and involvement of the East India Company and the Marathas (Peshwas) which resulted into Anglo-Mysore Wars between 1767 to 1799. The English won at the end of the wars and resulted in numerous treaties that seceded territories from Mysore to the English as well as the Nizam.
Talking about European trade factories in the region, towns such as Honavar, Coondapoor (Kundapura), Barcelore (Basrur) and Mangalore had Portuguese and Dutch establishments before the British taking over them permanently in the 19th century. The Europeans traded muslin, pepper and cotton clothes in these regions.
Coming to the British naming of this kingdom, almost all the names were Anglicized or misspelled that got renamed after independence. The vassal kings to Mysore such as Nayakas of Keladi (known as Bednore), Haleri Kings of Kodagu (known as Coorg) and places such as Karur (spelled as Caroor), Dharapuram (Daraporum), Chitradurga (Chutteldroog / Chitaldroog) etc. But the biggest and most noticeable region is that of the Carnatic.
Easily confused and associated with the current state of Karnataka, the region 'Carnatic' was quite different geographically. Although both have same etymology - country of black soil - the Carnatic region spread from the tip of Tamil Nadu to as far as Ongole (in Andhra Pradesh). Carnatic wasn't a province nor was any kingdom. Rather, it was just a demarcation by the British for easing out administration. Hence it could be said that the mere words 'Carnatic' and 'Karnataka' are the same but not in terms of political boundaries. Although the EIC controlled regions from Carnatic to Bengal was grouped under the name of Agency of Fort St. George in the 17th century and it even got elevated to Madras Presidency in the same era, but it started to appear on political maps only since the early 19th century.
The attached map here is a map of Mysore Kingdom in 1794. This was the time when India had Dutch and Danish factories and Sri Lanka (known as Ceylon) was, for a short-time, part of the Madras Presidency.
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